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Introduction
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A number in a headline often describes a comparison. Complaints increased, participation fell, or a service became more reliable.
To understand the claim, you need more than the larger or smaller number. You need to know what was counted, the size of the relevant group, the time period, and whether the comparison uses the same definitions.
This lesson explains how counts, rates, percentages, and averages can tell different stories about the same situation. The arithmetic is useful because it makes the comparison visible.